Dry Type Transformer: Types, Specifications and kVA Ratings

A dry type transformer is a power transformer whose core and windings are cooled by air rather than by insulating oil. The windings are sealed inside cast epoxy resin or vacuum-pressure-impregnated (VPI) insulation, so there is no liquid to leak, no oil tank to inspect and no fire load in the room. That is why dry type units sit inside buildings — in the basement, on the plant floor, beside the data hall — while oil-immersed units stay outdoors or in a dedicated vault.

The tables on this page cover the ratings you actually specify: standard capacities from 30 kVA to 2,500 kVA, voltage classes from 6 kV to 35 kV, insulation classes B to H, cooling from AN to ANAF, and the loss figures that decide the energy-efficiency grade. Everything below is written to IEC 60076-11 and its Chinese equivalent GB 1094.11, with cross-references to IEEE C57.12.01 and UL 1562 where a North American destination applies.

If you already know the voltage class you need, jump straight to the 10 kV dry type transformer selection guide or the full dry type power transformer range. If you are still scoping the project, read the specification table first and work backwards from the kVA and impedance your load requires.

What Is a Dry Type Transformer?

A dry type transformer transfers power between two voltage levels through a magnetic core and copper or aluminium windings, and relies on air circulation to remove the heat generated by losses. The insulation system — cast epoxy resin, resin-impregnated fibre, or enamelled wire in an open frame — must withstand the full winding temperature without a liquid coolant to carry heat away. That single constraint explains almost every design decision in the product: the larger core, the heavier enclosure and the higher cost per kVA compared with an oil-immersed unit of the same rating.

In exchange, a dry type unit removes the two failure modes that dominate oil-immersed service: oil leakage and oil fire. NEC 450.21(B), for example, requires a one-hour fire-rated transformer room for indoor liquid-filled units above 112.5 kVA unless a specific exception is met — a requirement that simply does not apply to a cast-resin unit. For an owner comparing installed cost rather than unit price, that vault, the oil containment and the fire suppression usually cost more than the transformer itself.

The trade-off is capacity density. Dry type units are typically applied up to about 2,500 kVA at medium voltage and rarely beyond 5,000 kVA, because air cannot carry heat away as effectively as forced-oil circulation. Above that band, oil-immersed or forced-cooled designs take over. The classification of dry type transformer designs runs by insulation system and by application, and the next section covers how that changes what you specify.

Dry type transformers are not only distribution units. The same construction is built as an isolation transformer for a drive or a medical location, as a step-up unit for a small PV or BESS block, and as a converter transformer behind a rectifier. Each of those duties changes the specification — harmonic loading, K-factor, electrostatic shielding, or a higher impedance — without changing the basic air-cooled principle. When the duty is specifically indoor load-centre distribution, the page on dry type distribution transformers covers that narrower case in detail.

Dry Type Transformer Types: Cast Resin, VPI and Open-Wound

Three constructions cover almost every medium-voltage dry type transformer on the market. They differ in how the winding is protected, and therefore in pollution tolerance, fire behaviour and cost. The choice is driven by the environment the unit will sit in, not by the kVA.

Cast resin windings

The high-voltage and low-voltage windings are cast in filled epoxy resin under vacuum, which removes voids that would otherwise initiate partial discharge. IEC 60076-11 sets the acceptance limit at 10 pC for partial discharge on this construction, which is one of the reasons cast resin dominates medium-voltage indoor work: a 10 pC limit is a manufacturing discipline, and a resin cast either meets it or does not. The resin also makes the winding self-supporting and largely insensitive to dust and humidity, so the environmental class can be declared E2 without additional measures.

VPI windings

VPI windings are wound from enamel-insulated conductor, dried, then impregnated with resin under vacuum and cured. The insulation sits in the interstices of the winding rather than as an external cast body, which makes the unit lighter and cheaper than a cast-resin equivalent at the same rating. It tolerates a higher winding temperature, so a class H VPI unit can be run harder for the same frame. The weakness is mechanical: without the resin body, the winding is more exposed to moisture ingress and to the mechanical forces of repeated short-circuit duty. In a dry, clean electrical room that is irrelevant; on a coastal site it is decisive.

Open and ventilated construction

Open-wound units expose the winding to room air with no enclosure at all, and depend entirely on the cleanliness of the room. They are the cheapest dry type construction per kVA and are common at low voltage for machine tools, drives and local isolation. In a foundry, a paper mill or anywhere with conductive dust, the windings must be cleaned on a schedule or the unit will flash over. VPI in a NEMA 2 or IP20 enclosure is usually the sensible step up. The comparison between a dry type transformer and a cast resin transformer is often really a comparison between these two constructions, and the article breaks the cost difference down.

Dry Type Transformer Specification Table: 10 kV Class, 30-2,500 kVA

The table below gives published figures for a cast-resin SCB10 unit at the 10 kV class, which is the most common medium-voltage dry type rating in industrial and commercial work. Values are typical published data; confirmed values for a specific order appear on the outline drawing and the routine test report. Loss figures are guaranteed values at 75 °C reference temperature, measured to IEC 60076-1 and IEC 60076-11.

Two impedance values sit outside the standard 4 % line, and both matter commercially. A 6 % impedance is specified for 630 kVA where the upstream fault level is high and the transformer must limit secondary fault current. An 8 % impedance is the usual choice at 1,600-2,500 kVA on a stiff network, and also on any unit feeding a drive or a rectifier where harmonic current would otherwise distort the winding. Raising impedance lowers the fault contribution but increases voltage regulation and load loss, so it is a network decision rather than a purchasing preference.

The full model designation is SCB series 10 kV cast resin dry type transformer, and the voltage-class selection guide for that class sits on the 10 kV dry type transformer page. For classes above that, the 6 kV-35 kV dry type transformer series covers 20 kV, 24 kV, 33 kV and 35 kV builds on the same construction.

SCB10, SCB11, SCB13 or SCB18: Choosing the Efficiency Generation

The two digits after SCB are the design and loss code, not a capacity. Every generation uses the same cast-resin construction and the same frame sizes; what changes is the grade of core steel and the loss figures, and therefore the price. Higher numbers mean lower losses.

The decision is a lifetime-cost calculation, not a price comparison. A 1,000 kVA unit runs 8,760 hours a year, and no-load loss is paid for every one of those hours whether the plant is working or not. At an industrial tariff of USD 0.10/kWh, a 500 W reduction in no-load loss is worth about USD 438 a year, or roughly USD 11,000 over a 25-year life at an 8 % discount rate. That is usually several times the price difference between two generations. The efficiency class and loss calculation article sets out the full capitalisation formula.

For a North American destination the same logic runs through the DOE rules rather than GB 20052. The 2016 rule at 10 CFR 431 is the current baseline, and the 2024 revision — effective 8 July 2024, mandatory from 23 April 2029 — cuts losses on medium-voltage dry type units by about 20 % and extends the covered range from 2,500 kVA to 5,000 kVA. Note that DOE tests low-voltage dry type units at 35 % of rated load and medium-voltage dry type and liquid units at 50 %, so an efficiency figure from one rule cannot be compared directly with a figure from another.

Key Specifications Explained

Understanding the key specifications of a dry type transformer helps ensure you pick the right one for your needs. The table below covers the parameters that appear on a specification sheet, and what each one actually decides. Most of these fields are also mandatory on the rating plate — see how to read them in our dry type transformer ratings and nameplate guide.

These parameters interact rather than sitting independently on the sheet. A higher insulation class permits a higher temperature rise, which allows a more compact design or more overload tolerance at the same rating. Air forced cooling raises usable capacity but introduces fans and a maintenance item. Impedance and short-circuit withstand have to be read together with the protection settings.

Two of them are routinely confused. Insulation class is a property of the materials — the temperature the insulation system will survive. Temperature rise is a design choice made inside that class, and it is the rise that decides how hot the winding actually runs and therefore how long the transformer lasts. Specifying a Class H system at an 80 K rise buys a long-life unit; the same class at 125 K buys a smaller and cheaper one.

These specs directly impact performance, reliability, and suitability. For example, higher insulation classes enable higher temperature rise limits, allowing for more compact designs or greater overload tolerance. Cooling methods like Air Forced (AF) enhance capacity but may increase maintenance.

For detailed performance under specific loads or environments, choosing the right combination of these specs is key to optimizing your dry type transformer’s life and efficiency.

If you’re evaluating transformers alongside switchgear, also check out products like the VSG-12 indoor high voltage vacuum circuit breaker for integrated power system solutions.

Standard Ratings and Capacity Bands

Dry type distribution transformers are built to a standard ladder of preferred ratings. That is what makes quotations from different suppliers comparable at all — and it is also why “what sizes does a dry type transformer come in” has a shorter answer than most buyers expect.

Those are the ratings and voltage combinations; the dimensions are a different question, because physical size is not fixed by the kVA rating alone. Four things move the footprint and the weight:

• Winding material — a copper winding is more compact than an aluminium one at the same rating, but heavier.
• Insulation system — a cast resin unit has a larger sealed envelope than a ventilated VPI unit of the same kVA.
• Temperature rise — a lower rise needs more cooling surface, so an 80 K unit is physically larger than a 115 K unit at the same rating.
• Enclosure and cooling — IP rating, weather protection, fans and cable boxes all add to the outer dimensions.

Because of this, Kampa issues a dimensioned outline drawing with every quotation rather than quoting a generic size table. Ask for that drawing before you finalise the switchroom layout, the cable routing or the lifting plan — it is the only figure that is actually binding on your installation. For typical bare-unit envelopes, weights and rail gauges at each rating, see the dry type transformer sizes and dimensions chart.

Insulation Classes and Temperature Rise

Insulation class and temperature rise are the two numbers that decide how long a dry type transformer lasts. The class is fixed by the materials in the insulation system. The rise is the design margin chosen inside that class.

The permissible rise is the class temperature minus the site ambient and a hot-spot margin. That is why a Class F system is normally specified at 80 K or 100 K rather than at its full rating. Adding the ambient (40 °C is the usual reference), the allowable rise and a hot-spot allowance gives the maximum winding temperature the design is expected to reach in service.

The reason this matters commercially is ageing. Insulation degradation roughly doubles for every 7–10 °C above the rated class limit, so running a winding 15 °C hotter can take years off the unit. A transformer specified at a lower rise costs more and takes up more space for the same kVA, but it runs cooler, ages more slowly and tolerates more overload — which is why industrial specifications often insist on an 80 K rise on a Class F system even though 100 K would be permissible.

Environmental and Performance Classes

When specifying a dry type transformer, considering its environmental and performance classes is crucial for long-term reliability and safety.

Climatic Classes for Temperature and Humidity

Dry type transformers are designed to handle various climatic conditions. Their temperature and humidity ratings dictate where they can be installed, from dry, controlled indoor spaces to more challenging environments. These climatic classes ensure the transformer operates efficiently without overheating or moisture damage.

Pollution Levels and Fire Safety Classes

Pollution categories indicate how resilient a transformer is against dust, chemicals, and other contaminants. Dry type transformers are often rated to withstand pollution levels common in urban or industrial areas. Additionally, fire safety classes focus on minimizing fire risks—the non-flammable insulation materials in cast resin and vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI) transformers improve safety where fire hazards are a concern.

Enclosure Ratings and Indoor/Outdoor Suitability

The IP (Ingress Protection) rating gives a clear idea of a dry type transformer’s resistance to solids and liquids. Higher IP ratings are essential for outdoor installations or harsh industrial sites. Most dry type transformers are designed primarily for indoor use but can be customized with suitable enclosures to meet outdoor and high-pollution area demands.

Understanding these environmental and performance classes helps ensure the dry type transformer meets your site-specific needs for safety, durability, and regulatory compliance. For an example of a cast resin dry type unit built for robust environmental ratings, see the SCB series 10 kV epoxy resin dry type transformer.

Design and Construction Features

Dry type transformers are carefully designed for safety, performance, and longevity. Here’s a quick breakdown of the main construction elements:

Core Materials and Construction Techniques

• Core: Usually made from high-quality silicon steel laminations to reduce losses and improve magnetic properties.
• Construction: Core is either stacked or wound, with precise assembly to minimize noise and vibration.

Winding Materials and Insulation Systems

• Winding: Copper or aluminum conductors are used, with copper offering better conductivity but at a higher price.
• Insulation: Advanced insulation systems like epoxy resin (cast resin types) or vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI) tapes protect the windings, ensuring a strong dry type transformer insulation class and high temperature rise tolerance.

Tap Changers and Voltage Adjustment

• Tap changers allow fine adjustment of output voltage to maintain steady performance under varying load conditions. They can be:
• Off-load tap changers (OLTC)
• Load tap changers (LTC)

This flexibility is crucial for applications sensitive to voltage fluctuations.

Accessories: Temperature Monitors, Fans, Surge Arresters

• Temperature Monitors: Sensors track winding and ambient temperatures to prevent overheating.
• Fans: Used in Air Forced (AF) or Air Natural + Forced (ANAF) cooled transformers for better heat dissipation.
• Surge Arresters: Protect transformer windings from voltage spikes and ensure reliability.

These design choices ensure dry type transformers deliver high efficiency, withstand short circuit stresses, and meet key international standards like IEC 60076-11.

For more on dry type transformer insulation and protection, see the dry type transformer insulation series and the guide to dry type transformer insulation.

Standards and Compliance

The standard you declare on the datasheet decides the tests, the tolerances and what a buyer’s inspector will ask for. Four families cover almost every project: IEC, GB, IEEE/UL and the local grid code. Declare the edition, not just the number.

Routine tests on every unit cover winding resistance, voltage ratio and phase displacement, short-circuit impedance and load loss, no-load loss and current, applied voltage withstand and induced voltage withstand, plus a partial discharge measurement on the cast-resin construction. Type tests — temperature rise, lightning impulse, short-circuit withstand and sound level — are performed once on a representative design and reported from that test, which is why the type test report is design-specific and not interchangeable between models.

A common procurement error is to accept a certificate that covers a different configuration. A UL listing, a KEMA report or a CE declaration applies to the exact design, voltage class and construction it was issued for. If the supplied unit changes the enclosure rating, the winding material or the voltage class, the certificate must be reissued. Ask for the certificate number and the configuration it references before the contract is signed, not after the FAT.

How to Select the Right Dry Type Transformer

Choosing the right dry type transformer means balancing your power needs, environment, and budget. Here’s a straightforward guide to help:

Step-by-Step Selection Guide:

• Determine Rated Power (kVA): Start with the total load your transformer must handle. Always factor in future load growth or peak demand to avoid undersizing.
• Check Voltage Classes: Ensure compatibility with your supply and load voltages, including primary and secondary voltage ratings.
• Consider Overload Factors: Dry type transformers typically tolerate light overloads for limited time. Define your overload allowance and select a transformer with adequate thermal margin.
• Choose Cooling Method: Options like Air Natural (AN), Air Forced (AF), or a combination (ANAF) affect performance. Select based on heat dissipation needs and installation environment.

Sizing and Overload Considerations:

• Account for continuous and transient loads.
• Confirm insulation class and temperature rise capacity match your operational conditions.
• Select impedance and short circuit withstand levels suitable for system protection.

Common Applications:

Dry type transformers fit many sectors including commercial buildings, data centers, hospitals, renewables, and industrial plants. Their compact design and safety profile make them ideal where fire risk or environmental hazards are a concern.

For a deeper dive on selecting dry type transformers that precisely fit your project’s needs, explore our detailed step-by-step guidance at how to select the right dry type transformers for your project.

This approach ensures you get the best mix of efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness, tailored to your unique application.

Applications and Advantages of Dry Type Transformers

Dry type transformers are a smart choice in many sectors due to their safety, reliability, and low maintenance. Popular applications include:

• Data Centers: Provide efficient, fire-safe electrical power distribution.
• Hospitals: Offer clean power with low electromagnetic interference.
• Commercial Buildings: Ideal for indoor installation with minimal fire risk.
• Renewable Energy Sites: Handle fluctuating loads from solar and wind power setups.

Dry Type vs Oil-Filled Transformers

This page covers specification rather than selection, so it does not repeat the full comparison. For the side-by-side breakdown — efficiency, lifetime cost, and where each type actually wins — see dry type vs oil immersed transformers.

Load Calculations and Future Proofing

When sizing dry type transformers, consider:

• Expected Load Growth: Design for 10-20% future overload capacity.
• Load Type: Account for non-linear loads common in data centers and hospitals.
• Operating Environment: Temperature and humidity affect transformer life.
• Energy Efficiency Needs: Higher efficiency models may cost more upfront but save energy long-term.

These points ensure your transformer investment lasts and adapts as your power needs evolve.

Dry type transformers stand out for their safety, energy efficiency, and adaptability—making them a preferred option in sensitive environments. For a detailed look at the differences and advantages, you can explore our insights on dry type vs oil immersed transformers for industrial applications.

Installation, Operation, and Testing

Proper installation and operation are vital for reliable dry type transformer performance. Following the right procedures helps avoid downtime and extends transformer life.

Site and Mounting Requirements

• Location: Dry type transformers work best in clean, dry, well-ventilated areas, free from dust and corrosive gases.
• Mounting: Secure on a solid, level foundation to avoid vibrations. Use anti-vibration pads if necessary.
• Clearances: Maintain recommended clearances for airflow and maintenance access.
• Enclosure: Ensure the enclosure rating (IP rating) suits indoor or outdoor use, protecting against moisture and pollution.

Recommended Clearances and Access

Clearance is what turns a valid specification into an installable one. Two forces set the numbers: airflow for a ventilated unit, and safe access for cable termination and testing.

Treat these as planning figures rather than a substitute for the drawing. Actual clearances depend on the enclosure, the cable box arrangement and the local electrical code. Confirm them against the outline drawing and the applicable code before the room is laid out — moving a transformer after the walls are up is expensive.

Testing Procedures and Routine Checks

Before energizing, conduct these essential tests:

Routine checks should include:

• Monitoring temperature and noise levels during operation
• Inspecting for dust or moisture buildup
• Verifying cooling systems (fans, ventilation) function properly
• Checking accessories like temperature monitors and surge arresters

For specialized switchgear and substation solutions that complement transformer setups, consider exploring detailed options from Kampa Electric’s switchgear and substation solutions.

Following these installation and testing steps ensures your dry type transformer operates safely and efficiently from day one.

Maintenance and Long-Term Performance

Dry type transformers require minimal maintenance compared to their oil-filled counterparts. Thanks to their sealed, dry insulation systems like cast resin or vacuum pressure impregnated windings, routine upkeep is straightforward and less frequent. Regular visual inspections, cleaning to remove dust or debris, and periodic temperature monitoring are usually enough to ensure reliable operation.

For monitoring, installing temperature sensors or fans can help prevent overheating and extend the lifespan. Troubleshooting is easy; common issues often relate to partial discharges or insulation wear, which can be detected early through condition monitoring equipment.

Typically, a well-maintained dry type transformer enjoys a service life of 30 to 40 years. Most manufacturers back this with warranties covering materials and workmanship, giving confidence in long-term performance. To maximize value, choose transformers with proven durability and consider suppliers offering ongoing support and warranty services.

For specific models and their maintenance implications, see the SCB series 10 kV epoxy resin dry type transformer — its sealed cast-resin windings remove most of the routine upkeep that ventilated designs require.

Customization Options with Kampa

Kampa offers extensive dry type transformer customization options to meet your exact needs. We tailor designs based on your required voltage, kVA ratings, and cooling methods—whether you prefer cast resin, vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI), or other dry type transformer types.

What You Can Customize:

Kampa’s competitive pricing and fast delivery make these tailored dry type transformer solutions accessible without compromising quality. Our ability to adjust product specs lets you get exactly what fits your application, whether it’s for a data center, hospital, or industrial site.

See the custom dry type transformer options for the full list of what can be varied, or browse the dry type power transformer range.

Choose Kampa for flexible, reliable, and efficient dry type transformer solutions built around your project’s needs.

Pricing and Supplier Guidance

When considering a dry type transformer, pricing often depends on several key factors:

• Rated Power (kVA): Higher kVA ratings generally increase cost due to larger materials and design complexity.
• Voltage Classes: Transformers built for higher voltages require more insulation and stricter design standards.
• Cooling Methods: Options like AN (Air Natural), AF (Air Forced), or ANAF (Air Natural/Forced) can impact pricing based on complexity.
• Customization: Tailored solutions for specific voltage, enclosure (IP ratings), or environmental requirements can add to the cost.
• Materials and Design: Using premium core materials, cast resin, or vacuum pressure impregnated (VPI) winding methods influences the price point.
• Standards Compliance: Meeting international standards such as IEC 60076-11 or certifications like UL and CSA may increase cost but ensures reliability.

Kampa specializes in custom dry type transformer designs that balance quality and budget, offering competitive pricing without compromising performance. Our extensive case studies demonstrate how we optimize material choices, cooling methods, and insulation systems to deliver cost-effective solutions tailored for various industries. For reliable and efficient transformers, exploring Kampa’s custom solutions and comprehensive support ensures you get the right product for your needs without overspending.

Discover more about Kampa’s expertise as a leading dry type transformer supplier for reliable power solutions and explore our range of medium and high voltage power solutions.

Dry Type Transformer FAQ

What is the difference between a dry type and an oil-immersed transformer?

A dry type transformer uses air and solid insulation to cool and protect the windings; an oil-immersed transformer immerses the core and windings in insulating oil inside a sealed tank. Dry type units carry no combustible liquid, need no oil containment and can be installed inside occupied buildings. Oil-immersed units are more compact per kVA and are the practical choice above roughly 2,500 kVA.

What kVA ratings are standard for a dry type transformer?

Cast-resin dry type transformers are built in the standard IEC series 30, 50, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800, 1,000, 1,250, 1,600, 2,000 and 2,500 kVA. Ratings outside that series can be built, but they add design review time and usually a higher minimum order.

Which voltage classes are available?

Medium-voltage dry type transformers are commonly supplied at 6 kV, 10 kV, 11 kV, 15 kV, 20 kV, 22 kV, 24 kV, 33 kV, 34.5 kV, 35 kV and 36 kV, with a low-voltage secondary of 0.4 kV, 0.415 kV or 0.69 kV. The rated voltage and the highest voltage for equipment (Um) are separate values: a 10 kV system uses a 12 kV Um design, and a 35 kV system a 40.5 kV Um design.

What temperature rise should I specify?

For class F cast-resin windings, 100 K is the usual specification and 80 K is the conservative one. Lower temperature rise extends insulation life — roughly doubling it for every 8-10 K reduction in hot-spot temperature — but requires a larger core and a higher price. Class H windings are commonly specified at 125 K.

How do I read the E2, C2 and F1 classes?

E2 means the unit tolerates frequent condensation and significant pollution; C2 means it operates down to -25 °C; F1 means it meets the fire behaviour requirements of IEC 60076-11 for a unit installed where fire risk must be limited. A typical indoor industrial specification is E2, C2, F1, which covers a humid, dusty plant room without adding a separate fire-rated enclosure.

Does a dry type transformer need a fire-rated room?

No. The one-hour fire-rated transformer room requirement in NEC 450.21(B) applies to indoor liquid-filled units above 112.5 kVA. A dry type unit has no combustible liquid, so the vault requirement does not apply, although local codes may still impose clearance and ventilation rules that should be checked for the specific installation.

What is the lead time for a dry type transformer?

Standard cast-resin units in the 30-2,500 kVA range currently run about 20-32 weeks from order, depending on the efficiency generation, the enclosure rating and whether the configuration is standard. Grain-oriented electrical steel is the main constraint, with mill lead times of 10-16 weeks before the transformer build even starts.

Can a 10 kV transformer be used on an 11 kV system?

A transformer rated 10 kV with Um 12 kV is normally suitable for an 11 kV nominal system, because the insulation level is set by Um rather than by the nominal voltage. The tap range must still cover the actual system voltage, and the efficiency rules of the destination market must be checked. Confirm both on the datasheet rather than assuming interchangeability.

Request a Specification Review

Send the capacity, primary and secondary voltage, vector group, impedance and the environment the unit will sit in, and you will get a datasheet with the loss figures for the efficiency generation we recommend, plus the outline drawing and the test list. If the kVA is still open, send the load profile and the duty cycle instead — sizing from the load is more reliable than sizing from a nameplate.

What to include in the inquiry:

• Rated capacity in kVA, or the connected load and demand factor if the rating is not fixed
• Primary and secondary voltage, tap range and vector group (Dyn11 is standard)
• Required short-circuit impedance, or the upstream fault level if it is to be calculated
• Indoor or outdoor, ambient temperature, altitude and pollution level
• Required efficiency grade or destination market, so the generation and certification path can be fixed
• Enclosure requirement (IP20, IP23, IP54) and whether an enclosure is needed at all

For standard configurations the minimum order is one unit. Higher minimums apply only to custom ratings, private-label marking and project packages. Quotes are typically issued as 30 % T/T with 70 % against the bill of lading copy, with a letter of credit or milestone schedule for larger packages.

Send your specification for review — include the datasheet requirement and the destination country, and the reply will carry the guaranteed loss values rather than a range.